We're rugged individualists after all
Having just argued that we should be skeptical about characterizing China as collectivist and the U.S. as individualist, I will now do a complete about-face and give a striking example of just how collectivist thinking can be in China, and just how individualist Americans can be. The goal, still, is to shed light on a number of complexities in how the American and Chinese mindsets overlap and differ.One of the interview questions asked:
The government decides to go to war. Chris is drafted into the army to fight, but he feels strongly that war is wrong. What will Chris say and do? What should he do?
Here, the answers I got were exactly what my stereotypes told me to expect: “blind obedience” from the Chinese and “rugged individualism” from the Americans. Some sample from the Chinese responses about what Chris’s alter ego, Zhang San, would think and do (using my coding system, with "C" for Chinese and "E" for English):
C-13 He can only go. Because being a soldier he can only…it doesn’t matter what his individual will is, he must go, right?
C-12 Right.
C-21 Following orders is a sworn duty. Because, after all, he’s been drafted. Now we common people aren’t soldiers, we can oppose war and such, but a soldier, maybe in his heart he thinks it’s wrong but there’s nothing he can do.
C-14 “In this sort of situation what would Zhang San do?” Well I think even though he thinks it’s wrong, if the government tells him to join the army it’s not okay for him not to. So he still must go fight. “What should he do?” I think this person is in a tough position as to what he should do, because under conditions of war it seems that individual ideas, individuals’ voices manifest very weakly.
C-15 Right.
C-14 He definitely still must go fight, but what should he do?
C-15 I don’t know.
C-14 I think his only option is that he still must go fight, but he would tell his opinions to his close friends or to the news media. But this sort of person might become a traitor, so that’s not okay either.
C-15 He won’t become a traitor.
This is not the only viewpoint expressed by the Chinese interviewees, but it is by far the dominant one. Yes, Zhang San may have a contrary view, but it doesn’t matter one bit. “Individual will” be damned: the enemy is at the doorstep and the nation has called. Collective will wins the day.The American picture is radically different. It’s not that they come down firmly on Chris’s side. Rather, whereas individual will is clearly subservient in the Chinese responses, with the Americans there is a far more equal tension between individual and collective will. As such, the Americans are deeply conflicted. A sampling:
E-17 And so I think about that in terms of what it means to be patriotic, like how far will I take that, am I just all talk, or would I get out on the field and support that? And I'd like to think that I would. But there's so much I want to do in my life. And war just seems like such a bad table to go to in Las Vegas, you know, it's just a bad deal, it's like the odds are not good, the benefits are not worth it. When it's a question of life or death, and compared with having the rest of my life, following through on what I say, I don't think I'd do it.
E-20 I really don't know, it's kind of a difficult question. From my point of view, being the sacreligious type person I am…uh, no. ’Cause that's not fair to everybody else. I mean, nobody wants to go to war, and nobody wants to get killed in the line of fire.
E-21 I think Chris can still follow what the government does, and yet be individually opposed to the government, in that he can…not go to war. Or, go into the army. I think he has that right, although the government, if every person did this, wouldn't be able to wage war.
The self-doubt expresses itself in many ways in these and in several other examples. At no point does any of the Americans come down firmly on one side or the other.The draft scenario is meant to be an extreme, limiting case in the battle between individual will and collective duty. It is hard to imagine a scenario that diminishes the importance of individual will more than this scenario does. Yet, even here, the Americans go to bat for Chris. To me this shows how extreme American individualism can be.